Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine involves radiology nuclear scans to help diagnose patients and also radiation therapy to treat patients. By using radioactive substances, radiologists and physicians can get a closer look into the human body and better target specific cells. In the past, doctors had to use exploratory surgery to see a suspected troubled spot, which may or may not have even been the source of a patient’s pain. Today, there are more non-invasive ways to gauge a person’s injury or illness, notably with x-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, PET scans, ultrasounds, bone scans and more.
To diagnose a patient, there are four main testing procedures used in nuclear medicine. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) detects the radiation emitted by radioactive substances injected into the body. PET scans can reveal much about the body’s blood flow, biochemical processes and glucose metabolism. Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) is very similar to PET imaging technology but is more accessible, less detailed (and less expensive) than PET. Cardiovascular imaging tracks blood flow through heart and blood vessels. Often stress tests are done to detect blocked arteries. Lastly, bone scanning shows high activity “bright spots” and low activity “dark spots,” which is helpful in detecting high activity tumors.
In addition to these tests, nuclear medicine is also used to treat certain patients. Since cancer is characterized by quick, uncontrolled cell division and rapidly reproducing cells are sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation, they can be targeted and treated with radiation therapy. During this treatment, radioactive wires are placed near the tumor and they cause rapidly reproducing cells to self-destruct. One negative consequence is that cancer cells aren’t the only cells that quickly reproduce. Hair cells, stomach lining cells, skin cells and blood cells also reproduce quickly, so there are many side effects (particularly hair loss and nausea) as these cells self-destruct.
As with anything, nuclear medicine has its caveats. For one, 80% of nuclear radiology scans depend upon a radioactive isotope called Technetium-99. Most of the U.S. and European supply is produced by a nuclear reactor in Chalk River, Ontario and another one in the Netherlands. However, the Canadian reactor just shut down due to large operational expenses and the Netherlands reactor will be offline for six months next year for maintenance on its aging infrastructure. In America, there is a Missouri plant that produces isotope supplies but it’s old and in need of a major overhaul that won’t be possible for another couple of years. Another problem with Technetium-99 is that its effects only last for six to twelve hours, so it needs to be produced daily and used immediately.
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Tags: ct mri, medical imaging, mri scan, radiologists, radiology nuclear